Step into an ancient world where pharaohs, emperors, and lost civilizations left behind breathtaking wonders. These ten must-see monuments reveal history's greatest architectural feats.
Ancient times refers to the period that spans the early development of human civilizations through the end of classical antiquity, from about 3000 BCE to 500 CE. This era saw the rise of powerful empires, complex societies, and remarkable advances in art, architecture, and engineering. People lived in structured communities, developed writing systems, and built cities that lasted. To assert dominance, honor deities, or glorify their rulers, these civilizations erected awe-inspiring monuments, massive structures that have stood the test of time. From sacred temples to defensive walls, these landmarks showcase human ingenuity and ambition, and the following ten ancient monuments are must-see wonders of history.
1. The Great Pyramid of Giza, Egypt
Built around 2550 BCE, the Great Pyramid of Giza is a testament to ancient Egyptian engineering and remains one of the most iconic structures in human history. Commissioned by Pharaoh Khufu, the monumental structure originally stood 146.6 metres (450 ft), making it the tallest man-made structure of its time. Its precise alignment with the cardinal directions and use of approximately 2.3 million limestone blocks, each weighing between 2 and 15 tonnes, continue to intrigue scholars and visitors alike.
A visit to the Great Pyramid offers a unique journey into ancient times. Explorers can venture inside the pyramid, making their way through narrow passages that lead to the King's Chamber, where Khufu's sarcophagus is located. The surrounding Giza plateau also contains the pyramids of Khafre and Menkaure, as well as the enigmatic Great Sphinx.
To make your visit more interesting, consider visiting the nearby Grand Egyptian Museum, which partially opened in October 2024 and is scheduled to have its grand opening on July 3, 2025. This museum houses an extensive collection of artifacts from Egypt's rich history.
2. Machu Picchu, Peru
Rediscovered in 1911 by American archaeologist Hiram Bingham, this 15th-century sanctuary has captured the imagination of historians and travelers ever since. Built around 1420 during the reign of Emperor Pachacuti, Machu Picchu is believed to have served several purposes, from a royal estate to a religious site. Its strategic location and exquisite design highlight the Incas’ advanced knowledge of agriculture, astronomy, and urban planning.
Machu Picchu is reached primarily through the town of Aguas Calientes, and visitors can either take the train or hike along the famous Inca Trail. Once there, there is a maze of stone structures, terraces, and plazas to explore. Notable features include the Temple of the Sun, the Room of the Three Windows, and the Intihuatana Stone, an ancient astronomical clock.
3. Stonehenge, England
Recent research has uncovered intriguing clues about the origins and purpose of Stonehenge. Research suggests the monument was built to unite early British farming communities during a period of cultural transition around 2500 BC. The discovery that the central altar stone was transported from Scotland points to a collaborative effort between distant communities.
For those who want to see Stonehenge up close, exclusive early morning tours offer a unique opportunity to enter the inner circle of stones, usually closed to the general public. These tours provide an intimate perspective on the scale of the monument and the monumental effort that went into its construction.
In recent years, significant efforts have been made to preserve Stonehenge and its surroundings. The closure of the A344 road and the removal of nearby car parks have restored the tranquility of the site. The visitor centre, located about two kilometres from the stones, offers exhibitions and facilities, enhancing the overall experience while maintaining the integrity of the monument.
4. Petra, Jordan
Situated in the rugged mountains of southern Jordan, Petra, also known as the “Rose City,” is a testament to the ingenuity and architectural mastery of the Nabataeans. Founded as early as the 5th century BCE, Petra was the capital of the Nabataean kingdom and flourished as an important hub on the ancient trade routes connecting Arabia, Egypt, and the Mediterranean.
Visitors to Petra are greeted by the iconic Al Khazneh (Treasury), a majestic facade carved directly into the sandstone cliffs, showcasing a blend of Hellenistic and Middle Eastern architectural styles. Beyond the Treasury, the city reveals a labyrinth of rock-cut tombs, temples, and a Roman-style theater, all reflecting the Nabataeans’ intricate craftsmanship and ability to blend their structures with the natural landscape.
In October 2024, archaeologists discovered a previously hidden tomb beneath the Treasury containing twelve skeletons and various artifacts, including an elaborate ceramic bowl. The discovery offers new insights into Nabataean burial practices and the historical significance of the city.
To fully appreciate the grandeur of Petra, plan to spend at least two days exploring the site. Begin your journey with a walk through the Siq, the narrow gorge that leads to the Treasury, and continue to landmarks such as the Monastery (Ad-Deir) and the High Place of Sacrifice. Guided tours are available that will enrich your understanding of Petra’s history and cultural context.
5. Colosseum, Italy
Built between 72 and 80 CE by the Flavian emperors, the Colosseum, originally known as the Flavian Amphitheatre, is a testament to ancient Roman engineering and architecture. This elliptical amphitheatre is approximately 189 metres long and 156 metres wide, making it the largest amphitheatre ever built. Its innovative design included a complex system of vaults and could accommodate between 50,000 and 80,000 spectators.
The Colosseum hosted a variety of public spectacles, including gladiatorial combat, animal hunts, mock naval battles, and theatrical performances. These events were not only a source of entertainment, but also a display of the empire’s wealth and power. The floor of the arena, now open, covered an elaborate underground structure known as the hypogeum, where animals and performers waited for their turn in the spotlight.
Today, the Colosseum remains a symbol of Rome’s enduring heritage. It attracts millions of visitors each year and hosts a variety of cultural events. Recent restoration work has been undertaken to preserve its grandeur for future generations. In particular, the Italian government has initiated projects to reconstruct the arena floor, allowing visitors to stand where the ancient gladiators once fought.
0 Comments